The Command to perform I’tikaf in the Masjid: This is the view of the Ulama!
It is sunnah to perform I’tikaf in the masjid. The meaning of I’tikaf in Arabic is to stay or remain, while its meaning in syariat terminology is to continuously perform a specific act of obedience at a specific time, under specific conditions, in a specific place.
The ulama have reached an ijmak (consensus) that I’tikaf is not wajib (obligatory), but rather categorized as a sunnah worship that was practiced by Rasulullah SAW, his companions, and his wives. It becomes wajib (must be performed) if it is dinazarkan (vowed).
The ulama have reached an ijmak that the place for I’tikaf is only in the masjid, based on the evidence of His words, "In the masjid."
According to the Maliki mazhab, the minimum duration for I’tikaf is one day and one night. Meanwhile, according to Abu Hanifah, Syafi’i, and Ahmad, the minimum is a brief moment, and there is no limit for the maximum duration. According to them, fasting is not a condition for I’tikaf.
However, the Maliki mazhab makes fasting an absolute condition for it. The Hanafi mazhab requires it only in I’tikaf that is dinazarkan, but not in sunnah I’tikaf.
The evidence for those who require fasting is a dha’if (weak) hadis narrated by Daraquthni and Baihaqi, which is:
لا اعتكاف إلا بصوم
Meaning: "There is no I’tikaf (that is pure) except if accompanied by fasting."
A person performing I’tikaf must not leave their place of I’tikaf except for unavoidable necessities. The evidence is a hadis narrated from Aisyah, who said:
"When performing I’tikaf, Rasulullah SAW would lean his head toward me so that I could comb his hair, and he did not enter the house except to fulfill human needs." This refers to defecation and urination.
For those performing I’tikaf during the last ten days of Ramadhan, Imam Malik and Ahmad recommend staying overnight in the masjid on the night of Idul Fitri, until they depart from there to the field for the 'Id prayer.
On the other hand, Syafi’i and al-Auza’i said: One may leave the place of I’tikaf once the sun has set (on the last day of Ramadhan).
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